United Kingdom

The United Kingdom’s legal framework for corporate reporting and auditing is primarily established through the Companies Act 2006 and related statutory instruments that define requirements for financial reporting, auditing, and corporate governance. The Companies Act 2006 establishes the fundamental obligations for companies to maintain accounting records, prepare annual financial statements, and where applicable, have those statements audited.

Several regulations issued under the Companies Act provide detailed reporting requirements for different types and sizes of entities. These include the Small Companies and Groups (Accounts and Directors’ Reports) Regulations 2008, the Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008, the Small Companies (Micro-Entities’ Accounts) Regulations 2013, the Partnerships (Accounts) Regulations 2008, the Companies and Limited Liability Partnerships (Accounts and Audit Exemptions and Change of Accounting Framework) Regulations 2012, and the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014. Together, these instruments establish differentiated reporting requirements depending on the size, legal structure, and activities of the reporting entity.

The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is responsible for issuing accounting and auditing standards in the United Kingdom under delegated authority provided through the Statutory Auditors (Amendment of Companies Act 2006 and Delegation of Functions etc.) Order 2012. The FRC assumed the role of accounting standard-setter from the Accounting Standards Board in 2012 and continues to maintain the UK’s financial reporting framework.

Listed companies whose securities are traded on regulated markets are required to prepare consolidated financial statements in accordance with UK-adopted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Following the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, IFRS are endorsed for use in the UK through the UK Endorsement Board (UKEB), which is responsible for adopting IFRS for application in the jurisdiction. Other entities may apply UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (UK GAAP), which consists primarily of Financial Reporting Standard 102 (FRS 102), The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, together with related standards such as FRS 101 Reduced Disclosure Framework and FRS 105 for micro-entities. These standards are developed and issued by the FRC and are broadly based on the IFRS for SMEs, with modifications reflecting the UK legal and reporting environment.

The Companies Act 2006 establishes the statutory audit requirement for companies unless they qualify for exemption. Audit exemptions generally apply to small companies and small groups that meet defined size thresholds and are not public interest entities or engaged in certain regulated activities. Where an audit is required, audits must be conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) issued by the Financial Reporting Council. These standards are based on the International Standards on Auditing issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, with additional requirements or guidance reflecting UK company law and regulatory requirements.

Statutory frameworks for accounting and auditing also apply to entities outside the corporate sector. Public sector entities are governed by a range of legislation and reporting frameworks covering central government, local authorities, health bodies, and devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Public sector financial reporting is generally based on IFRS adapted for the public sector environment through sector-specific manuals such as the Government Financial Reporting Manual, with oversight provided through the Financial Reporting Advisory Board.

Not-for-profit and public benefit entities, including charities and housing associations, follow UK GAAP through FRS 102 together with sector-specific Statements of Recommended Practice. These entities may also be subject to statutory audit requirements depending on size thresholds and regulatory provisions.

Public sector bodies are subject to statutory audit arrangements conducted either by public audit institutions or by private audit firms. The National Audit Office, Audit Scotland, the Wales Audit Office, and the Northern Ireland Audit Office are responsible for audits of many public sector entities, while certain local public bodies may be audited by registered audit firms. Audits across these sectors are conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) together with sector-specific practice guidance.

The regulation of the accountancy profession in the United Kingdom is based on a shared model involving statutory oversight by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), delegated regulatory functions performed by recognized professional accountancy bodies, and self-regulation by professional bodies for segments of the profession that are not regulated by law. The principal legislative basis for the regulation of statutory auditors is the Companies Act 2006, as amended, together with the Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors Regulations 2016, under which the FRC is designated as the competent authority with ultimate responsibility for the public oversight of statutory auditors.

Under this framework, statutory auditors and audit firms may only undertake statutory audit work if they are appropriately qualified, registered, and supervised. Audit firms must be registered with a Recognised Supervisory Body, and individuals wishing to sign statutory audit reports must hold an appropriate audit qualification from a Recognised Qualifying Body and meet the relevant practicing requirements. The FRC oversees this system through its authority to recognize and, where necessary, derecognize professional bodies, require information from them, assess whether they continue to meet the relevant recognition and delegation requirements, and impose enforcement measures where statutory responsibilities are not met.

There are currently four Recognised Supervisory Bodies for statutory audit in the United Kingdom: the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, Chartered Accountants Ireland, the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. There are currently five Recognised Qualifying Bodies for statutory audit: the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, the Association of International Accountants, Chartered Accountants Ireland, the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland.

The FRC does not delegate all regulatory tasks. It retains direct responsibility for certain areas of audit regulation, including independent monitoring of audits of public interest entities and independent investigation and disciplinary arrangements for public interest cases. Delegated functions carried out by the Recognised Supervisory Bodies include registration and authorization of statutory auditors and audit firms, monitoring of non-public interest entity statutory audits, aspects of continuing professional development, and complaints and disciplinary arrangements for the areas delegated to them.

Separate arrangements also apply in relation to local public audit in England. Under the Local Audit and Accountability Act 2014 and related delegation arrangements, the FRC is responsible for recognizing professional bodies for local audit purposes. At present, ICAEW is recognized as a Recognised Supervisory Body for local audit, while CIPFA is recognized as a Recognised Qualifying Body for local audit. The FRC also currently monitors the quality of major local audits.

Beyond the statutory audit framework, the regulation of other professional accountants is not generally prescribed by law. Professional accountants in business, including management accountants, accounting technicians, and many public sector accountants, are typically regulated through voluntary membership in professional accountancy organizations. Where they become members of such bodies, they are subject to those organizations’ requirements relating to education, ethics, continuing professional development, and investigative and disciplinary procedures. The FRC also exercises independent oversight of the regulation of the accountancy profession by chartered accountancy bodies through non-statutory arrangements.

Since the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union, the UK and the Republic of Ireland are treated as third countries to each other for audit oversight purposes, and cooperation arrangements continue between the FRC and the Irish Auditing and Accounting Supervisory Authority in relation to relevant cross-border matters.

The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors Regulations 2016 (SI 2016/649) establish the authority of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) to exercise independent oversight of the regulation of statutory auditors and to delegate certain regulatory functions to selected professional accountancy organizations recognized as Recognised Supervisory Bodies (RSBs) and Recognised Qualifying Bodies (RQBs). Audit firms are required to be registered with and subject to supervision by an RSB, and statutory auditors must hold a recognized qualification issued by an RQB.

The FRC maintains oversight of statutory audits through the recognition and monitoring of RSBs and RQBs and through its authority to take enforcement actions where necessary. Its oversight responsibilities include supervision of the education and certification arrangements of RQBs, monitoring of the regulatory and disciplinary systems operated by RSBs, issuance of auditing and ethical standards applicable to statutory audits, and the ability to impose sanctions or other enforcement measures where statutory obligations are not met. The FRC also exercises oversight of the regulation of professional accountants more broadly to the extent that the regulatory systems established by the professional bodies apply to both statutory auditors and other professional accountants.

The FRC’s Audit Quality Review team conducts independent inspections of audits of major public interest entities, including listed companies, banks, and insurance companies. Other statutory audits are monitored by the Recognised Supervisory Bodies under the oversight of the FRC. The FRC also operates an independent enforcement framework for investigations and disciplinary actions relating to statutory auditors and audit firms in cases involving matters of public interest.

The Financial Reporting Council is a member of the International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators.

The Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT)

AAT, established in 1980, is a voluntary membership organization that offers skills-based vocational accountancy and finance qualifications. The four sponsoring bodies, CIPFA, ICAEW, ICAS, and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), offer AAT members a progression route into their respective professional qualifications. AAT regulates its members and ensures that they comply with ethical requirements and is responsible for the investigation and discipline of its members. AAT is an IFAC member.

The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)

ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) is a global body for professional accountants with more than 240,000 members and over 540,000 students in more than 180 countries. It was granted a Royal Charter in 1974 which commits it to acting in and upholding the public interest.ACCA works through a global network of offices and approved employers and learning providers that support professional development and training. ACCA holds recognition for statutory audit purposes in certain jurisdictions including the United Kingdom and Ireland.In addition to IFAC membership, ACCA is represented on key regional forums including the ASEAN Federation of Accountants, the Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants, Accountancy Europe, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean, and the Pan African Federation of Accountants, and is a member of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) in the UK and Ireland. ACCA undertakes wide-ranging capacity building work globally and maintains partnerships with other professional accountancy organizations.

The Association of International Accountants (AIA)

AIA, which was established in 1928 and has voluntary membership, is a Recognised Qualifying Body under the United Kingdom’s Companies Act 2006 and a Prescribed Accountancy Body under the Companies Act 2003 in Ireland. The AIA is not an IFAC member.

The Association of International Certified Professional Accountants—(Association—CIMA)

The Association of International Certified Professional Accountants combines the strengths of the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA) and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA). It represents members and students working in public and management accounting globally and promotes professional competence and ethical standards within the accounting profession. The Association is not a Recognised Supervisory Body or Recognised Qualifying Body under the Companies Act 2006 and its members are therefore not authorized to conduct statutory audits unless they are registered with an appropriate Recognised Supervisory Body. CIMA is a Prescribed Accountancy Body under the Companies Act 2003 in Ireland. In addition to IFAC membership, the Association participates in regional professional networks including Accountancy Europe and CCAB-Ireland.

The Chartered Accountants of Ireland (CAI)

CAI was established by Royal Charter in 1888 and is a voluntary membership organization. Its mandate is to educate, represent, and support its members. CAI is recognized as both a Recognised Qualifying Body and a Recognised Supervisory Body for statutory audit purposes in the United Kingdom under the Companies Act 2006. It is also a Prescribed Accountancy Body and Recognised Accountancy Body under the Companies Act 2003 in Ireland. In addition to being a member of IFAC, CAI participates in international professional networks including Accountancy Europe, CCAB, and CCAB-Ireland.

The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA)

CIPFA is a voluntary membership organization established in 1885. It specializes in public finance and works to advance professional practice and governance within the public sector. CIPFA supports governments and public sector organizations worldwide through education, advisory services, and the development of professional standards. In addition to being a member of IFAC, CIPFA is also a member of Accountancy Europe.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of England Wales (ICAEW)

ICAEW is a voluntary membership organization of chartered accountants. It received a Royal Charter in 1880 which conferred the right for its members to use the designation “Chartered Accountant.” ICAEW’s objectives include advancing the theory and practice of accountancy, finance, business, and commerce; educating and training members; maintaining professional independence; and upholding high standards of professional conduct. ICAEW is recognized as both a Recognised Qualifying Body and a Recognised Supervisory Body for statutory audit purposes under the Companies Act 2006. It is also a Prescribed Accountancy Body and Recognised Accountancy Body under the Companies Act 2003 in Ireland. In addition to IFAC membership, ICAEW participates in several international professional networks including Accountancy Europe, the ASEAN Federation of Accountants, the Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants, the Pan African Federation of Accountants, and Chartered Accountants Worldwide.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)

ICAS is a voluntary membership organization created by Royal Charter in 1854. ICAS educates, examines, and regulates chartered accountants and has members working across more than one hundred countries. ICAS is recognized as both a Recognised Qualifying Body and a Recognised Supervisory Body for statutory audit purposes under the Companies Act 2006. It is also a Prescribed Accountancy Body and Recognised Accountancy Body under the Companies Act 2003 in Ireland. ICAS is a member of IFAC and participates in professional networks including Accountancy Europe and CCAB.

The Institute of Financial Accountants (IFA)

IFA is a voluntary membership organization established in 1916. Its members typically work with small and medium-sized enterprises or operate small and medium-sized accounting practices that provide accounting, taxation, and advisory services. IFA regulates its members and establishes professional and ethical requirements for those in practice. IFA is an IFAC member.

The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) and the four Recognised Supervisory Bodies (RSBs) in the United Kingdom (ACCA, CAI, ICAEW, and ICAS) share responsibility for the quality assurance (QA) review system governing audits and assurance engagements in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 and the Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors Regulations 2016 (SI 2016/649).

The FRC conducts QA reviews of audits of major public interest entities (PIEs) through its Audit Quality Review (AQR) team. The AQR team performs inspections of the largest audit firms that conduct audits of PIEs, with the largest firms reviewed annually and other firms inspected periodically based on risk and activity. Recognised Supervisory Bodies perform practice monitoring reviews of firms that audit non-PIEs and smaller numbers of PIE audits. The FRC, as the competent authority for statutory audit oversight, retains responsibility for monitoring the overall effectiveness of the QA system and supervises the activities of the RSBs.

Based on IFAC staff review of publicly available information, the QA review system in the United Kingdom appears to incorporate the requirements of SMO 1 and applies to all statutory audits conducted in the jurisdiction.

RSBs are required to maintain effective monitoring systems to ensure that statutory audits are performed in accordance with applicable professional standards and ethical requirements. These include the International Standards on Quality Management (ISQM 1 and ISQM 2), which have replaced the International Standard on Quality Control (ISQC 1) and are issued in the United Kingdom by the FRC based on the standards issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. Each RSB operates its monitoring arrangements in accordance with its own rules and procedures, and these arrangements remain subject to oversight by the FRC. The QA review system is operational and appears to be consistent with the requirements of SMO 1.

Current Status: Adopted

The Recognised Qualifying Bodies (RQBs) deliver the initial and continuing professional education for statutory auditors in the United Kingdom. The Companies Act 2006 establishes detailed educational and qualification requirements for statutory auditors, which the RQBs must ensure are implemented through the professional education, training, and certification arrangements they administer. In accordance with the Companies Act 2006, the education and certification arrangements of the RQBs are subject to oversight by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), which has the authority to recognize and derecognize RQBs.

The FRC maintains oversight of these arrangements and has cooperation agreements with the principal professional accountancy bodies in the jurisdiction, including ACCA, the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, Chartered Accountants Ireland, and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, as well as the Association of International Accountants, to oversee initial professional development and continuing professional development requirements for professional accountants.

The professional accountancy organizations responsible for delivering qualification programs for accountants and auditors in the United Kingdom establish education frameworks that incorporate entry requirements, professional education programs, practical experience requirements, professional assessments, and continuing professional development requirements. Based on information provided by the relevant bodies and publicly available sources, these programs appear to meet the requirements of the International Education Standards in effect at the time of the assessment.

Several of these organizations, including ACCA, CAI, ICAEW, ICAS, CIPFA, AAT, the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, and the Institute of Financial Accountants, are members of IFAC and have indicated that their professional accountancy qualification programs are aligned with the International Education Standards.

Current Status: Adopted

The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is the authorized body for setting auditing standards in the United Kingdom in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 and the Statutory Auditors (Amendment of Companies Act 2006 and Delegation of Functions etc.) Order 2012 (SI 2012/1741). The Companies Act 2006 establishes mandatory audit requirements (statutory audits) for companies unless they qualify for exemptions based primarily on size, nature of activity, company type, or whether they are dormant. Audit exemptions are available for small companies or groups of companies that are not public companies or engaged in the provision of financial services and meet qualifying criteria.

Where an audit is required, financial statement audits must be conducted in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) issued by the Financial Reporting Council. These standards are based on the International Standards on Auditing issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and incorporate additional requirements or guidance necessary to reflect United Kingdom company law and regulatory requirements.

International Standards on Auditing (UK) are required to be applied in all statutory audits conducted in the jurisdiction. Based on IFAC staff review of publicly available information, ISA as issued by the IAASB are adopted for application in the jurisdiction through the ISA (UK) framework.

Current Status: Adopted

In accordance with their charters and by-laws, professional accountancy organizations (PAOs) in the United Kingdom are authorized to establish ethical requirements for their members. In addition, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) establishes the Ethical Standard that must be complied with in the conduct of statutory audits based on its standard-setting authority granted by the Companies Act 2006 and the Statutory Auditors (Amendment of Companies Act 2006 and Delegation of Functions etc.) Order 2012 (SI 2012/1741).

The Ethical Standard establishes independence and ethical requirements applicable to auditors and audit firms performing statutory audits in the jurisdiction. The FRC has indicated that the Ethical Standard is developed with reference to the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (including International Independence Standards) issued by the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants.

Professional accountancy organizations in the United Kingdom indicate that they have adopted the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants for application to their members. These organizations also maintain processes to review and incorporate new and amended requirements issued by the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants, where appropriate and consistent with national laws and regulatory requirements.

Based on IFAC staff review of publicly available information, the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants appears to be adopted for application to professional accountants in the jurisdiction.

Current Status: Adopted

His Majesty’s (HM) Treasury is responsible for developing accounting policies and standards for central government financial statements in the United Kingdom. The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) and the Local Authority (Scotland) Accounts Advisory Committee (LASAAC) work together through the CIPFA/LASAAC Local Authority Code Board to establish accounting standards for local government bodies. The Financial Reporting Advisory Board, established under the Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000, advises HM Treasury on financial reporting principles and standards for the public sector.

HM Treasury issues accounting policies for central government entities through the Government Financial Reporting Manual (FReM). The FReM is primarily based on UK-adopted International Financial Reporting Standards, which are adapted where necessary to reflect the public sector context. International Public Sector Accounting Standards serve as a secondary source of guidance and may be considered where IFRS do not address a public sector–specific issue.

For local government entities, the CIPFA/LASAAC Local Authority Code Board issues the Code of Practice on Local Authority Accounting in the United Kingdom. The Code is based on UK-adopted IFRS and draws on IPSAS and Financial Reporting Standards issued by the Financial Reporting Council.

Public sector financial reporting standards in the United Kingdom are therefore primarily based on IFRS-based frameworks that incorporate references to IPSAS rather than adopting IPSAS directly as the primary set of public sector accounting standards. Based on IFAC staff review of publicly available information, IPSAS are partially incorporated through reference in national standards but are not adopted in their entirety for all public sector entities in the jurisdiction.

Current Status: Partially Adopted

In accordance with their charters and by-laws, professional accountancy organizations (PAOs) in the United Kingdom are authorized to establish systems of investigation and discipline (I&D) for their members for failure to comply with applicable standards of professional conduct. In addition, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) requires Recognised Supervisory Bodies (RSBs) to maintain effective I&D systems as part of their regulatory responsibilities.

The FRC is responsible for oversight of the investigative and disciplinary systems operated by the Recognised Supervisory Bodies in the United Kingdom, including ACCA, CAI, ICAEW, and ICAS, in accordance with the Companies Act 2006 and related regulations. The FRC also operates an independent enforcement framework and may directly investigate and take disciplinary action in cases involving statutory auditors and audit firms where matters of public interest arise.

The FRC maintains cooperation arrangements with the principal professional accountancy bodies in the jurisdiction, including ACCA, the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, ICAEW, CAI, and ICAS, as well as the Association of International Accountants, in relation to oversight of investigative and disciplinary arrangements.

Professional accountancy organizations in the United Kingdom, including the Recognised Supervisory Bodies as well as other bodies such as AAT, the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, CIPFA, and the Institute of Financial Accountants, report that they operate investigative and disciplinary systems for their members. While the Association of International Accountants is not a member of IFAC, based on IFAC staff review of publicly available information, its investigative and disciplinary system appears to be broadly aligned with the requirements of SMO 6.

Current Status: Adopted

Accounting standards in the United Kingdom are established within the framework of the Companies Act 2006. The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is responsible for developing and issuing UK accounting standards, while the United Kingdom Endorsement Board (UKEB) is responsible for endorsing International Financial Reporting Standards for use in the United Kingdom.

UK-adopted International Financial Reporting Standards are required to be applied in the consolidated financial statements of parent companies whose securities are admitted to trading on a regulated market. Other entities may apply UK-adopted IFRS or UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice depending on their size, legal form, and reporting requirements. UK GAAP consists primarily of Financial Reporting Standards issued by the Financial Reporting Council, including FRS 102 and related standards. These standards are broadly based on the IFRS for SMEs with modifications reflecting the United Kingdom legal and reporting environment.

As IFRS are required only for publicly accountable entities whose securities are traded on regulated markets and are not required for all entities in the jurisdiction, IFRS Accounting Standards are not adopted for application by all domestic publicly accountable entities in consolidated general purpose financial statements. Based on IFAC staff review of publicly available information, IFRS are therefore considered partially adopted in the jurisdiction.

Current Status: Partially Adopted

Relevant Organizations

• Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT)
• Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)
• Association of International Accountants (AIA)
• Chartered Accountants of Ireland (ICAI)
• Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)
• Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA)
• CIPFA/LASAAC Local Authority Code Board
• Financial Reporting Advisory Board
• Financial Reporting Council
• GOV.UK
• International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators (IFIAR)
• Institute of Chartered Accountants of England Wales (ICAEW)
• Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)
• Institute of Financial Accountants (IFA)
• Irish Auditing and Accounting Supervisory Authority (IAASA)
• Local Authority Scotland Accounts Advisory Committee

Relevant Legislation

• Companies Act, 2006
• Companies Act 2006 Requirements for Recognised Supervisory Bodies (RSBs)
• Companies Act 2006 Requirements for Recognised Qualifying Bodies (RQBs)
• Companies and Limited Liability Partnerships (Accounts and Audit Exemptions and Change of Accounting Framework) Regulations 2012
• Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014
• Government Resources Accountants Act of 2000
• International Standard on Auditing (UK) 570 (Revised)
• International Standard on Quality Control (UK and Ireland) 1
• Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulation 2008
• Partnerships (Accounts) Regulations 2008
• Small Companies and Groups (Accounts and Directors’ Reports) Regulation 2008
• Small Companies (Micro-Entities’ Accounts) Regulations 2013
• Statutory Instrument on Statutory Auditors (Amendment of Companies Act 2006 and Delegation of Functions etc.) Order 2012 (SI 2012/1741) 

Relevant Publications

• AAT, SMO Action Plan, September 2019.
• ACCA, SMO Action Plan, September 2019.
• CIMA, SMO Action Plan, September 2019.
• CIPFA, SMO Action Plan, March 2017.
• Companies House, Life of a Company, Part 1 Annual Requirements, July 2015.
• Financial Reporting Council, Audit Regulatory Sanctions Procedure, 2016.
• Financial Reporting Council, FRS 100 Application of Financial Reporting Requirements, November 2012.
• Financial Reporting Council, FRS 102, August 2019.
• Financial Reporting Council, FRS 105, March 2018.
• Financial Reporting Council, Post Implementation review: 2016 Ethical and Auditing Standards Changes to Implement the Audit Regulation and Directive, November 2018.
• Financial Reporting Council, Enhancing Confidence in Audit: Proposed Revisions to the Ethical Standard, Auditing Standards, UK Corporate Governance Code and Guidance on Audit Committees, September 2015.
• Financial Reporting Council, Key Facts and Trends in the Accountancy Profession, 2015.
• Gov.UK, Government Financial Reporting Manual 2019–2020, January 7, 2019.
• ICAEW, SMO Action Plan, September 2019.
• ICAS, SMO Action Plan, September 2019.
• IFA, SMO Action Plan, September 2019.
• International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators, IFIAR 2019 Member Profile – FRC, August 2019.
• IFRS Foundation, IFRS Application Around the World, Jurisdictional Profile: United Kingdom, July 2016.