Interview translated into English by IFAC and conducted by El País in Spanish. For original in Spanish, see: Entrevista con Jörgen Holmquist Presidente del Comité Internacional de Ética del Sector de Auditoría (IESBA)

English translation: 

Jörgen Holmquist is the chair of the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA).

Question. Why is IESBA working on a revision of the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (the Code)?

Answer. The issue is not to modify the content of the Code but its structure. It is difficult to read and the purpose of the revision is to make it more accessible, particularly for the small and medium size audit firms. We are in consultation within the sector and regulators to see how we can improve the structure of the Code.

Q. Would you say auditors bear some responsibility for the financial crisis?

A. There are many parties responsible for this crisis: bankers, politicians, supervisors … Auditors also bear their share of responsibility. It is not as much a problem of independence or of ethics in front of their clients but rather of failures in the way audits were performed since the work of auditors should have resulted in better information to judge what was going on.

Q. Have lessons been drawn from the recent mistakes?

A. Auditors are reflecting on how to improve their work. It is still an ongoing process. From point of view of Ethics there are several things to be considered: how to strengthen independence, how to improve rotation rules, how to proceed when irregularities are identified…

Q. Are auditors contributing to restore confidence in the markets?

A. Confidence in auditors is important and necessary since one of the services they render is to make it possible for investors to trust corporate information. This service has not changed and I believe it is generally well accomplished, although in the cases where the role of the auditor is at question it is obviously necessary to find a solution.

Q. Revenues from services other than audit are increasing in many cases, does this put the auditor’s independence at risk?

A. We cannot generalise. It is clearly stated in the Code of Ethics that there are certain services that the auditor cannot provide. We are now reviewing these rules to see if they need to be strengthened.

Q. Would you be in favour of setting a limit to such services?

A. The real challenge is to find a balance between the different sources of income. Revenues from other services should not subsidise audit, rather audit fees should fully cover the cost of audit services. In cases where revenues from other services are very significant there could be a problem, but it is very difficult to say where to set the limit, since the appropriate limit differs depending on the circumstances. Transparency is very important in these cases: let the market know what pays what and then the Audit Committee of the company should decide on such matters.

Q. The European Union has been trying to increase competition in the market for years, what do you think about this?

A. The rotation of the audit firms is not the panacea, it has advantages but also disadvantages. To improve the way the sector works there are more important issues at stake. Moreover, we have to take into account that in the course of the auditor’s engagement with the company audit partners and directors of the company usually change.

Q. Do you believe there is real competition in this industry? How do you explain the increase of revenues of the big companies year after year despite the crisis?

A. It doesn’t surprise me that revenues are stable or increasing because the crisis brings forward demand for more services. If we take a close look to the sector we see a fair amount of competition between small and medium firms. It is maybe less so in the case of the big four where there is more concentration There should be a few more players at that level, but how can this be achieved? There is no easy answer to this question.

Q. There is the feeling that auditors profited from the problem and now they profit from the solution…

A. I see what you are saying but for me the issue is whether the auditors conduct themselves in an ethical manner and whether they produce quality work. Auditors’ workload has significantly increased because of the crisis which has led to more hours worked. The trend points to a reduction of hourly fees. I don’t believe that auditors as a general rule are profiting from the crisis.

Q. The big four are all Anglo-Saxon; do you think it would be interesting to promote a big European firm?

A. It is difficult to create a brand new company that can compete with the big four because what the clients require is a worldwide network that can provide services in any country where they have a presence. 

Entrevista con Jörgen Holmquist, presidente del Comité Internacional de Ética del Sector de Auditoría (IESBA), en El País

IFAC President Warren Allen presented “Driving Sustainable Organizational Success” at the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean’s (ICAC) 31st Annual Caribbean Conference held June 28 in Barbados.

The pace of change and increased complexity in audit and financial reporting standards over the past few years has been dramatic and may weigh disproportionately on smaller accounting practices who typically audit smaller entities. This burden is being exacerbated by the difficult economic environment, which is prompting clients to put pressure on their accountants to lower fees. As a result, it is getting harder for practices to maintain sufficient profitability from audit work.

The good news is that automation, made possible by recent developments in technology and by process improvements, can help practices simultaneously boost the quality and efficiency of their audit work—in turn, lowering costs and ensuring its profitability. 

Increasing Audit Quality          

Automating your micro-entity audit practice provides an opportunity to improve audit quality at both firm-wide and individual engagement levels. At the firm level, setting up standardized templates helps ensure that all phases have been completed in every audit. Customized checklists can be updated as needed and incorporated into individual engagement files at the beginning of every engagement.

File automation can significantly increase quality at the engagement level as well. If you import data from one application program to another, data conversion errors should be eliminated and grouping and arithmetical errors can be minimized.

A word of caution: as every audit is unique, make sure you customize each and every file. The generic firm template is a great place to start but it is only a start. Customization for things such as industry characteristics and internal controls are as essential as fully automating the underlying file structure.

Boosting Engagement Efficiency

Much of the tangible output of auditing is very similar from file to file: individual practitioners typically use common file structures and similar checklists and forms. In addition, commercial audit file, spreadsheet, word processing, and database platforms often allow for seamless and rapid data sharing between applications and client files. None of these features are new, but are you using them to maximum advantage? There are many easy-to-implement ways to increase the efficiency of every micro-entity audit. The trick is to be creative and use your imagination. Here are a few suggestions.

Pre-Engagement Phase

When using commercially available software for micro-entity audit engagements, you can:

• Roll forward last year’s electronic file almost instantly;
• Call the client, or send an email, to discuss timing, and ask if there were significant events/changes over the past year; and
• Assuming not, email an engagement letter, an audit strategy letter, and a list of the materials you will need when you visit the client to begin the audit. All of these documents should have been already prepared as part of the file update.

Engagement Processing and Assembly

Following the pre-engagement phase, ask your client to email you a trial balance in a format you can import into the audit file.

Fieldwork Phase

An efficient automated audit of a micro-entity might progress as follows:

Arrive at the client’s office with the rolled-forward audit file. After an initial discussion with the client, update your rolled-forward schedules, documenting your knowledge of the client’s business for any industry, environment, and entity control changes since last year.

Program the engagement and performance materiality calculations and sample size calculations, based on the imported trial balance.

Review the multi-year account analyses (e.g., key ratio analysis such as gross profit percentage), all of which can be pre-programmed.

Print confirmations required and have them signed at your client’s office.

Review for relevance and complete the rolled-forward engagement checklists. (Again, a word of caution: avoid falling into the trap of simply repeating last year’s procedures without having first used your professional judgment).

Draft key points for communication to management and those charged with governance as required by International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 260, Communication with Those Charged with Governance, and ISA 265, Communicating Deficiencies in Internal Control to Those Charged with Governance and Management, at the client’s office as they arise and review them with the client to ensure you have your facts right.

Forming an Opinion Phase

Review the post-fieldwork analytical review automatically updated for your audit adjustment.

Email the adjusted trial balance and proposed audit adjustments to your client.

Email the client the letter of representation and an updated ISA 260 audit summary document.

Email/mail a copy of the signed auditor’s report and an invoice once appropriate personnel have accepted responsibility for the statements.

The above assumes you have taken time to standardize data fields across all your client files. Client names and address fields, year-end and other dates, and other standard documentation can all be programmed into a master file containing individual templates for correspondence, planning lists, etc. Firm-wide standardization is essential if you want to maximize efficiency with automation.

Be Smart About the Automation Process

There are a number of cautions to heed before embarking on even a modest automation project.

1) Be realistic. The initial automation process will likely take longer than you think.

2) Spend time up-front to get it right. If you have an error in your template, you will have to fix it each time you use it. That significantly increases the cost of automation.

3) Aim for consistency across clients. Using standardized templates for analytical schedules, financial statements, statement coding, and file indexing avoids having to reinvent the wheel on every micro-entity audit engagement.

Summary

Automation of your practice is an exacting process requiring project management skills and a significant time commitment from senior members of the firm. If you have the discipline to make it happen, automation will pay off over the long term many times over.

IFAC Resources

IFAC hosts a range of resources and tools, including guides and articles, to help implement audit and quality control standards: See Resources and Tools at www.ifac.org/SMP. 

Kristian Koktvedgaard has been appointed chair of the Consultative Advisory Group (CAG) to the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA or the Ethics Board). The Ethics Board is an independent standard-setting board that develops and issues, in the public interest, the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants for global application by professional accountants operating both in business and in practice.

The IESBA CAG^* is an independent body that provides the forum in which the representatives of its various member organizations—including regulators, preparers, and others with an interest in international ethics standards for professional accountants, including auditor independence—provide advice on technical and public interest matters relating to the drafts of the Ethics Board’s standards and strategy.

As a senior advisor focusing on auditing and accounting with the Confederation of Danish Industry, Kristian Koktvedgaard currently represents BUSINESSEUROPE on the IESBA CAG and the CAG of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. He was elected by the IESBA CAG membership to succeed the current chair, Richard Fleck, who has served as the first independent chair of the IESBA CAG since May 2006. Kristian Koktvedgaard’s appointment—a three-year term effective July 1, 2013—has been approved by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), which oversees the activities of the Ethics Board and of the CAG.

The chair of the CAG acts as the primary representative of those who use or rely on the Ethics Board’s standards and guidance and encourages a deeper understanding by the Ethics Board of the public's needs and expectations. The chair of the IESBA CAG provides leadership direction to the CAG, overseeing the achievement of the CAG's objectives. As the CAG’s liaison with the PIOB, the Ethics Board, and identified key stakeholders, the chair is also responsible for communicating the views of the CAG to these bodies and conveying the views of these bodies to the CAG.

“I congratulate Mr. Koktvedgaard on his appointment to this important role,” said Mr. Fleck. “His broad knowledge and experience working on ethics, audit, and accounting issues will be great assets to the CAG as it provides public interest input to the Ethics Board.”

Commenting on the appointment, Jörgen Holmquist, chair of the Ethics Board, said, “Kristian’s experience and expertise as a senior advisor on policy matters relating to the accountancy profession will serve him well in leading the CAG to provide effective public interest input to the development of our standards and guidance. I very much look forward to working with him in his role as chair of the CAG.”

Kristian Koktvedgaard is a member of the Danish Accounting Council and the Danish disciplinary tribunal for State Authorized and Certified Public Accountants. He is also actively involved in the Danish Accounting Forum, a body that brings together Danish stakeholders to discuss accounting issues. In addition, he is a member of the BUSINESSEUROPE Accounting Sounding Board and has represented BUSINESSEUROPE in audit matters on numerous occasions. Previously, he served on the Danish Supervisory Authority on Auditing.

Kristian Koktvedgaard stated, “The IESBA CAG plays a vital role in enabling all those concerned in the work of, or services provided by, professional accountants—regulators, preparers, users of financial information, and other participants in the financial reporting supply chain—to have a voice in the development and maintenance of standards that ensure a high level of ethical conduct by professional accountants. It is critical for the credibility of professional accountants to have these constituents involved in the setting of high-quality ethics standards for the profession. I am truly honored that my colleagues on the CAG have appointed me to lead the CAG in this role, and I look forward to the challenge. I also would like to take this opportunity to recognize the vision, leadership, and commitment that Richard Fleck brought to the CAG over the past seven years.”

About the IESBA

The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) is an independent standard-setting board that develops and issues, in the public interest, high-quality ethical standards and other pronouncements for professional accountants worldwide. Through its activities, the IESBA develops the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, which establishes ethical requirements for professional accountants. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IESBA are facilitated by IFAC. Please visit www.ethicsboard.org for more information.

About IFAC

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 173 members and associates in 129 countries and jurisdictions, representing approximately 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

^*IESBA CAG Members (As at July 1, 2013)

Asian Financial Executives Institutes

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

BUSINESSEUROPE

CFA Institute

European Commission

European Federation of Accountants and Auditors for SMEs

European Financial Executives Institutes

Fédération des Experts-Comptables Européens

Gulf States Regulatory Authorities

Institute of Internal Auditors

International Association of Insurance Supervisors

International Corporate Governance Network

International Organization of Securities Commissions

International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions

National Association of State Boards of Accountancy

North American Financial Executives Institutes

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Sri Lanka Accounting and Auditing Standards Monitoring Board

UK Financial Reporting Council

World Bank

World Federation of Exchanges

IESBA CAG Observers (As at July 1, 2013)

IFAC Small and Medium Practices Committee

US Public Company Accounting Oversight Board