The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), has agreed to amend the following International Standards on Review Engagements (ISREs) to clarify to which engagements each respectively is to be applied:

• ISRE 2400, Engagements to Review Financial Statements; and
• ISRE 2410, Review of Interim Financial Information Performed by the Independent Auditor of the Entity.

The issue that had been brought to the IAASB's attention is that ISRE 2410 applies in the case of a review by the entity's auditor of interim financial information only, while ISRE 2400 applies to all reviews of historical financial information excluding those conducted by the entity's auditor. Thus, there would appear to be no directly relevant standard for reviews by the entity's auditor of historical financial information other than interim financial information.

To resolve the issue, the IAASB has amended ISRE 2410 to apply also to such reviews. This reflects the principal distinction between ISRE 2400 and ISRE 2410, which is that ISRE 2410 is written on the basis that the entity's auditor is able to use his or her audit-based knowledge of the entity when carrying out a review of any historical financial information. The most common example of a review engagement that might be undertaken by an entity's auditor is the review of interim financial information issued by a public company; other examples have arisen in practice, however, and the change makes clear that these also fall within ISRE 2410. When approving ISRE 2410, the IAASB did not intend to remove auditor's reviews of historical financial information (other than interim financial information) from the scope of the ISREs.

Furthermore, to align the application of ISRE 2400, ISRE 2410 and International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000, Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews of Historical Financial Information, the IAASB agreed to restrict the application of ISRE 2400 to a review of any historical financial information performed by a practitioner who is not the entity's auditor. Before this amendment, ISRE 2400 indicated that it may be applied "to the extent practicable" to engagements to review other information.

"These minor amendments, which are effective immediately, clarify the application of the ISREs and ISAE 3000 by eliminating a small gap in the apparent scope of the ISREs and ensuring that, as intended, there is no overlap in the scopes of the ISREs and ISAE 3000. As a result, practitioners will have no doubt about which standard is to be applied to a review engagement," explains John Kellas, IAASB Chairman.

The amendments to ISREs 2400 and 2410 can be downloaded free-of-charge from the IFAC online bookstore (http://www.ifac.org/store).

About the IAASB and IFAC
The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. The Public Interest Oversight Board oversees the activities of the IAASB and, as one element of that oversight, establishes its due process and working procedures.

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets international ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

Seventeen international networks of accounting firms have reached a new milestone in their commitment to audit quality by becoming the first full members of the Forum of Firms. These international networks, whose member firms perform transnational audits, have reported that they have implemented a globally coordinated quality assurance program, committed to the use of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), and met other quality and ethics requirements, the Forum of Firms announced today.

A list of the Forum's first full members is attached.

"The commitment of these networks to the Forum's membership obligations is a significant contribution towards consistent audit quality across borders - a goal consistently advocated by users of financial information as well as regulators and issuers themselves," states Forum Chairman David Maxwell. "The actions taken by the members of the Forum represent their dedication to achieving convergence of the various national audit standards to ISAs. This will contribute to the reduction of complexity, making audits more timely and efficient."

The Forum of Firms, formally established in 2002, is an association of international networks of accounting firms. These firms perform audits of financial statements that are or may be used across national borders. The Forum's goal is to promote consistent and high quality standards of financial reporting and auditing practices worldwide. It conducts its business through its executive arm, the Transnational Auditors Committee (TAC), which is also a committee of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). The members of the TAC are nominated by Forum members.

The networks comprising the group of first full members originally joined the Forum as provisional members. 2007 represented the first year provisional members could move to full membership. As of January 2008, of the 21 Forum members, 17 are full members and four are provisional members. The Forum's current provisional members are working toward becoming full members in 2008.

Membership in the Forum is open to networks and firms of all sizes that have transnational audit engagements or are interested in accepting such engagements and agree to meet Forum membership requirements. Members must promote the consistent application of high quality audit practices worldwide, including the use of ISAs, and support convergence of national audit standards with ISAs.

The Forum's membership obligations require:

• The maintenance of appropriate quality control standards in accordance with International Standards on Quality Control issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) in addition to relevant national quality control standards, and the conduct, to the extent not prohibited by national regulation, of regular globally coordinated internal quality assurance reviews;
• That policies and methodologies for the conduct of transnational audits that are based, to the extent practical, on ISAs issued by IAASB; and
• That policies and methodologies conform to the IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants and national codes of ethics.

For additional details on the Forum of Firms, please visit: http://www.ifac.org/Forum_of_Firms/. 

The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB), an independent standard-setting board within the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), has issued new requirements to help governments and other public sector entities consistently report on international aid, development grants and other forms of external assistance. The new disclosure requirements and recommendations are set out in the updated International Public Sector Accounting Standard, Financial Reporting under the Cash Basis of Accounting (Cash-Basis IPSAS).

Currently, there are a number of reporting practices between providers and recipients of external assistance that can be costly for recipients. The disclosures in the updated Cash-Basis IPSAS should reduce some of these multiple reporting practices, helping recipients to use resources more efficiently.

The disclosures represent one of a number of steps that the IPSASB has undertaken to enhance its Cash-Basis IPSAS. Recently, the IPSASB approved a project to consider how the standard could be improved based on the experiences of those using it. The project will review the implementation of the Cash-Basis IPSAS in various jurisdictions and assess whether any changes to the standard are needed. The project task force will be chaired by Ms. Erna Swart of South Africa, who became Deputy Chair of the IPSASB in January 2008.

"The introduction of requirements for external assistance disclosures represents the IPSASB's response not only to constituents who are recipients of external assistance, but also external assistance providers," states IPSASB Chair Mike Hathorn. "These disclosures, as well as broader initiatives undertaken by the IPSASB to improve the Cash-Basis IPSAS, will assist public sector entities in their efforts to strengthen their accountability."

The external assistance requirements are effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2009.

The Cash-Basis IPSAS, together with other IPSASB standards and guidance, can be downloaded free-of-charge from the IFAC online bookstore: http://www.ifac.org/store.

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international public sector financial reporting standards through the IPSASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets ethics, auditing and assurance, and education standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

An active and well-established professional accountancy organization plays an essential role in promoting high quality practice in its country or jurisdiction. An important means to build strong accountancy organizations in developing countries is through collaboration and mentoring relationships with more established professional bodies. As part of its strategy to develop the accountancy profession worldwide, the International Federation of Accountants' (IFAC) Developing Nations Committee has released new guidance, entitled Mentoring Guidelines for Professional Accountancy Organizations, to support the development of collaborative and mentoring relationships between professional accountancy organizations.

The guidelines focus on supporting mentoring relationships designed to help accountancy organizations achieve compliance with IFAC's Statements of Membership Obligations (SMOs). The SMOs provide benchmarks to current and potential IFAC members to assist them in ensuring high quality performance by professional accountants. They require IFAC members to promote convergence to international standards and to have in place quality assurance and disciplinary programs.

"Experience has shown that mentoring relationships between professional accountancy organizations is one of the most effective means to strengthen the profession, particularly in developing economies," states Ignatius Sehoole, Chairman of the Developing Nations Committee. "These guidelines capture the experience and good practice of many IFAC members who have participated in this type of work in the past, and the committee hopes they will encourage other IFAC members to contribute to the development of the profession."

The new Mentoring Guidelines are also intended to help professional bodies in developing countries build sustainable capacity and to facilitate the sharing of accumulated knowledge between established professional bodies and organizations at an earlier stage of development. Various stages of mentoring are outlined in the document, including considerations before setting up a relationship, involving other entities such as government and aid agencies, and managing possible risks. The guidelines also include a sample Memorandum of Understanding. 

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. Through its independent standard-setting boards, IFAC sets international standards on ethic, auditing and assurance, education, and public sector accounting. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), is releasing the last two exposure drafts written in accordance with the new clarity drafting conventions. It approved the exposure drafts of proposed International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 210 (Redrafted), Agreeing the Terms of Audit Engagements, and proposed ISA 710 (Redrafted), Comparative Information - Corresponding Figures and Comparative Financial Statements, at its meeting in Washington, D.C. in December 2007. Subject to any comments on exposure, the final standards will become effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009.

The release of these exposure drafts marks the completion of the first phase of the IAASB's ambitious 18-month program to redraft existing standards and to develop new and revised standards following the new drafting conventions.*

"This is a major milestone on the IAASB's path to develop high quality international standards that are more readily understood, applied and enforced," emphasizes IAASB Chairman John Kellas, adding, "The redrafted ISAs provide more clarity as to the requirements which should contribute to improving the consistency of their application by auditors around the world."

"The IAASB is on track to complete the Clarity project by the end of 2008. When completed, 21 extant ISAs will have been fully revised, or updated and redrafted, in the last five years, and the remaining 11 will have been redrafted in accordance with the new conventions. In addition, International Standard on Quality Control 1 will have been redrafted and a new ISA on communicating deficiencies in internal control completed," explains Jim Sylph, Executive Director, Professional Standards.

How to Comment
Comments on the exposure drafts are requested by April 15, 2008. The exposure drafts may be viewed by going to http://www.ifac.org/EDs. Comments may be submitted by email to EDComments@ifac.org. They can also be faxed to the attention of the Executive Director, Professional Standards at +1 (212) 286-9570 or mailed to IFAC, 545 Fifth Avenue, 14th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA. All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on IFAC's website.

About the IAASB and IFAC
The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. The Public Interest Oversight Board oversees the activities of the IAASB and, as one element of that oversight, establishes its due process and working procedures.

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets international ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business. 

*For more information about the IAASB Clarity Project, go to http://www.ifac.org/IAASB/ProjectHistory.php?ProjID=0024.

The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) Small and Medium Practices (SMP) Committee has released a report on research into whether the proposed International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs), developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), is suitable for micro-entity financial reporting. The paper, Micro-Entity Financial Reporting: Some Empirical Evidence on the Perspectives of Preparers and Users, presents the findings of focus group interviews of users and preparers of micro-entity financial reports in Italy, Kenya, Poland, Uruguay, and the United Kingdom.

Focus group participants indicated that the current exposure draft of the IFRS for SMEs appears to be too complex for micro-entities - defined as entities with fewer than 10 employees - and suggested that relatively minor changes to the current draft might not be sufficient to address this concern. Participants who supported the development of a separate set of accounting guidance for micro-entities generally felt that two levels should be developed: a concise version that would be easy for business owners to follow and understand and a more technical version for preparers of financial statements. In addition, there was general support for some form of attestation, such as a statement made by the professional accountant, to be attached to the financial reports of micro-entities.

"The research offers some interesting insights into the views of preparers and users drawn from a small but diverse range of countries," states Sylvie Voghel, Chair of the IFAC SMP Committee. "While these countries do not constitute a globally representative sample, the research does question the suitability of the proposed IFRS for SMEs to micro-entities."

The paper was developed as part of the second phase of the SMP Committee's project on micro-entity financial reporting and follows the release in December 2006 of an information paper entitled Micro-Entity Financial Reporting: Perspectives of Preparers and Users. The findings in the new paper were considered in the development of the IFAC comment letter on the proposed IFRS for SMEs, which can be viewed online.

The following IFAC member bodies assisted in organizing focus groups: Accountants Association in Poland, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, Colegio de Contadores Economistas y Administradores del Uruguay, Consiglio Nazionale Dottori Commercialisti, and the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya. The research was undertaken by Dr. Suki Sian of Cardiff Business School, Wales and Professor Clare Roberts of the University of Aberdeen, Scotland.

The information paper can be downloaded free-of-charge from the SMP section of the IFAC online bookstore. Further information on IFAC's work to support SMPs and SMEs is available at http://www.ifac.org/smp.

For more information on the development of an IFRS for SMEs, visit the IASB's website.

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 158 members and associates in 118 countries, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. Through its independent standard-setting boards, IFAC establishes international standards on ethics, auditing and assurance, education, and public sector accounting. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business and those working in small and medium practices.

This paper presents the findings of focus group interviews on whether the proposed International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs), developed by the International Accounting Standards Board, is suitable for micro-entity financial reporting.

These guidelines are designed to support the development of collaborative and mentoring relationships between professional accountancy organizations.

At its recent meeting in Washington, D.C., the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), approved three new proposed standards: two focus on enhancing the auditors’ consideration of controls at service organizations, and the third addresses the communication of deficiencies in internal control to those charged with governance. These standards reflect the importance of internal control within audited entities and at their service organizations, and of the auditor’s responsibility to make significant findings available to those charged with governance. The IAASB is also releasing two exposure drafts written in accordance with the new clarity drafting conventions.

Third Party Service Organizations
Many entities outsource aspects of their businesses to organizations that provide services ranging from performing a specific task under the direction of the entity to replacing one or more of the entity’s business units or functions. Frequently, services provided by such organizations are integral to the entity’s information system relevant to financial reporting.

Following a risk-based approach, proposed International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 402 (Revised and Redrafted), Audit Considerations Relating to an Entity Using a Third Party Service Organization, deals with the auditor’s responsibilities to obtain audit evidence when an entity uses one or more service organizations. This may include obtaining reports prepared by the auditors of those organizations.

Proposed International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3402, Assurance Reports on Controls at a Third Party Service Organization, is the first subject matter-specific standard developed under the IAASB’s International Framework for Assurance Engagements. It complements proposed ISA 402 (Revised and Redrafted) in that reports prepared in accordance with proposed ISAE 3402 will be capable of providing appropriate audit evidence under the proposed ISA. It will help to bring consistency in reporting on controls at service organizations, thereby assisting such organizations to meet the needs of clients (“user entities”) and their auditors. In particular, it should ensure that reports issued in one country are likely to meet the requirements of the auditors of user entities in other countries.

“The proposed standards reflect the IAASB’s recognition of the increasing use of service organizations worldwide. In revising our existing standard for the auditors of user entities, and complementing it with a new standard for the auditors of service organizations, we are proposing consistent and comprehensive guidance for this important aspect of auditing,” says John Kellas, Chairman of the IAASB.

Communicating Deficiencies in Internal Control
The IAASB also seeks comments on proposed ISA 265, Communicating Deficiencies in Internal Control. This deals with the auditor’s responsibility to communicate to management and those charged with governance deficiencies in internal control that have been identified by the auditor. It distinguishes between significant and other deficiencies in order to establish requirements to communicate to the appropriate levels within the audited entity. It also requires the former to be communicated in writing to those charged with governance.

“This new proposed standard is intended to enhance the effectiveness of the auditor’s communication of deficiencies in internal control by requiring a clearer focus on what is important to those taking ultimate responsibility for control over financial reporting. The proposed standard will require these matters to be communicated in writing, and on a timely basis so that those charged with governance can take steps to strengthen internal control,” explains Mr. Kellas.

New Clarity Exposure Drafts
The IAASB has also approved the following exposure drafts of proposed ISAs:

• ISA 501 (Redrafted), Audit Evidence Regarding Specific Financial Statement Account Balances and Disclosures; and
• ISA 520 (Redrafted), Analytical Procedures.

These exposure drafts form part of the IAASB’s ambitious 18-month program to redraft existing standards and to develop new and revised standards following the new clarity drafting conventions. Subject to any comments on exposure, the final standards will become effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009.

How to Comment
Comments on the exposure drafts are requested as follows:

• Proposed redrafted ISAs 501 and 520 by March 31, 2008;
• Proposed ISA 402 (Revised and Redrafted) and proposed ISA 265 by April 30, 2008; and
• Proposed ISAE 3402 by May 31, 2008.

The exposure drafts may be viewed by going to http://www.ifac.org/EDs. Comments may be submitted by email to EDComments@ifac.org. They can also be faxed to the attention of the Executive Director, Professional Standards at +1 (212) 286-9570 or mailed to IFAC, 545 Fifth Avenue, 14th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA. All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on IFAC’s website.

About the IAASB and IFAC
The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. The Public Interest Oversight Board oversees the activities of the IAASB and, as one element of that oversight, establishes its due process and working procedures.

Founded in 1977, IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 158 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets international ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), has reached another milestone in its Clarity Project. Following the consideration and approval of due process by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), the IAASB issued three final standards that reflect its new clarity drafting conventions:

• International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 230 (Redrafted), Audit Documentation;
• ISA 260 (Revised and Redrafted), Communication with Those Charged with Governance; and
• ISA 720 (Redrafted), The Auditor's Responsibility in Relation to Other Information in Documents Containing Audited Financial Statements.

The standards form part of the IAASB's ambitious 18-month program to redraft existing standards and to develop new and revised standards following the clarity drafting conventions.¹
 
"The complete set of clarified ISAs, including some newly revised standards also under development, will be effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009. We are releasing standards as they are approved in order to provide standard setters, regulators and auditors with sufficient time to plan for the adoption and implementation of the standards," explains John Kellas, IAASB Chairman.

Audit Documentation
ISA 230 (Redrafted) incorporates several enhancements and additional guidance to clarify the auditor's documentation obligations. In particular, it explains in clearer terms what is expected of the auditor in fulfilling the requirement to document compliance with ISAs, and provides clarifying guidance regarding the circumstances in which it is appropriate for the auditor to prepare audit documentation relating to the use of professional judgment. The flow of the requirements in the redrafted ISA, particularly in relation to changes to audit documentation after the date of the auditor's report, has also been simplified and clarified.

Communication with Those Charged with Governance
ISA 260 (Revised and Redrafted) has been fully revised. It sets out an overarching framework for communication with those charged with governance; it also identifies specific matters to be communicated by the auditor, including a requirement to communicate in writing about auditor independence. It acknowledges that law or regulation or an agreement with the entity, for example, may require that other matters be communicated. The ISA contains new requirements and guidance dealing with the communication process, including a specific requirement for the auditor to evaluate the adequacy of the two-way communication between the auditor and those charged with governance.

"The quality of the relationship between auditors and directors, audit committees and others charged with governance is one of the most important factors in achieving an effective audit. That is why the IAASB has emphasized the importance of two-way communication. A constructive and open working relationship between the auditor and those charged with governance not only assists the auditor in obtaining relevant information, but also assists those charged with governance in fulfilling their responsibility to oversee the financial reporting process," notes Mr. Kellas.

The Auditor's Responsibility in Relation to Other Information
ISA 720 (Redrafted) deals with the auditor's responsibility in relation to other information in documents containing audited financial statements and the corresponding auditor's report. It requires the auditor to read this other information and to respond appropriately when such information could undermine the credibility of the financial statements.

The clarified ISAs can be downloaded from the IFAC online bookstore at http://www.ifac.org/store.

About the IAASB and IFAC
The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. The Public Interest Oversight Board oversees the activities of the IAASB and, as one element of that oversight, establishes its due process and working procedures.

Founded in 1977, IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 158 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets international ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

Further information about IAASB may be obtained from its website: http://www.iaasb.org. The PIOB website address is http://www.ipiob.org.

¹ Key elements of the clarity drafting conventions include: establishing an objective for the auditor with respect to the subject matter of each standard; clearly distinguishing requirements from guidance on their application; avoiding ambiguity through eliminating the present tense to describe actions by the auditor and using more imperative language where a requirement was intended; and other structural and drafting improvements to enhance the overall readability and understandability of the standards.